Unlock the secrets to thriving international trade with this essential study on urban rivalry. Explore the dynamic institutional foundations that propelled cities like Bruges, Antwerp, and Amsterdam to commercial dominance between 1250-1650. This book offers deep insights into how competitive urban development fostered open-access policies, driving unprecedented economic growth. A must-read for scholars and students of economic history, international business, and trade development in India, it redefines understanding of global commerce and institutional change.