Delve into the forefront of language-theoretic complexity with this seminal work. Essential for students and researchers in India’s computational linguistics and formal language theory programs, it offers a novel descriptive approach. Bridge the divide between traditional abstract machines and modern constraint systems to achieve crucial complexity results. This book provides a general method for expressing tree constraints, directly linking them to abstract machines, thereby simplifying the understanding of language processing difficulty. A must-have for mastering natural language processing and theoretical computer science.